Copper is the earliest human use of metal. As early as in prehistoric times, people began to exploit open-pit copper mines and used weapons to make weapons, tools and other utensils. The use of copper had a profound impact on the progress of early human civilization. Copper is a metal found in the earth's crust and ocean. The content of copper in the earth's crust is about 0.01%. In individual copper deposits, the copper content can reach 3% to 5%. Copper in nature is mostly present as a compound, copper mineral. Copper minerals and other minerals are aggregated into copper ore, and the mined copper ore is subjected to beneficiation to become a copper concentrate with a high copper content.

First, performance

Copper has good physical and chemical properties such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance and ductility. Conductive and thermal conductivity are second only to silver . Pure copper can be drawn into very thin copper wire to make a very thin copper foil. The fresh section of pure copper is rose red, but after the surface forms a copper oxide film, the appearance is purple-red, so it is often called copper.

In addition to pure copper, copper can be alloyed with tin , zinc , nickel, etc. to form alloys with different characteristics, namely bronze, brass and white copper. When adding zinc to pure copper (99.99%), it is called brass. For example, ordinary brass tubes containing 80% copper and 20% zinc are used in condensers and automobile radiators of power plants; nickel is called white copper. the rest are called bronze, in addition to zinc and nickel, the copper alloy was added all other metallic elements are called bronze, what is called what elements added element is the main bronze and beryllium bronze, phosphor bronze. For example, tin bronze has a long history of application in China, and it is used to cast bells, tripods, musical instruments and ceremonies. Tin bronze can also be used as bearings, bushings and wear parts.

Different from the conductivity of pure copper, the strength and rust resistance of copper can be greatly improved by means of alloying. These alloys are wear resistant, have good casting properties, and some have good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

Second, use

Since copper has the above-mentioned excellent properties, it has a wide range of uses in the industry. Including electrical industry, machinery manufacturing, transportation, construction and so on. At present, copper is mainly used in the electrical and electronic industry to manufacture wires, communication cables and other finished products such as electric motors, generator rotors, electronic instruments, meters, etc., which accounts for about half of the total industrial demand. Copper and copper alloys play an important role in computer chips, integrated circuits, transistors, printed circuit boards and other equipment. For example, the transistor leads are made of a highly conductive, highly thermally conductive chromium- zirconium- copper alloy. Recently, IBM, an internationally renowned computer company, has used copper instead of aluminum in silicon chips, marking the latest breakthrough in the application of semiconductor technology to the oldest metal.

In the mid-1980s, the electrical industry accounted for the largest share of refined copper consumption in the United States, Japan, and Western European countries, and China was no exception. After entering the 1990s, foreign copper in the construction industry has grown tremendously, making it a big part of foreign consumption of copper. According to a report published by the Copper Development Association (CDA) in New York, the construction industry is still the largest end-use market for copper products in the United States in 1997. The construction industry often uses the corrosion resistance of copper for the manufacture of water pipes, roofs and others. Drainage facilities, in addition, are also used for architectural renovation due to their aesthetic appearance. Copper used in construction industry is the first in total consumption of copper products in the United States.

According to the internal statistics of China Nonferrous Metals Group, China's copper consumption in 1997 accounted for 77.7% of the electrical industry (including wire and cable), becoming the largest market for copper.

The 1997 China copper consumption structure data was derived from Simon Hunt's “1990-1997 China Copper Consumption Survey Report”. In order to avoid double counting, China's wire and cable were included in the electrical industry in 1997, and previously calculated in machinery manufacturing. In the industry.

With the rapid development of science and technology, the application of copper is expanding, and copper has begun to play a role in medicine, biology, superconductivity and the environment. For example, when the polyurethane plastic foam contains copper or copper oxide, the deadly toxic gas, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), which is released when the plastic is burned, can be greatly reduced. A large number of research data prove that the bactericidal effect of copper can effectively reduce the spread of pneumonia bacteria, inhibit the growth of bacteria, and keep drinking water clean and hygienic. Therefore, the future development prospects of domestic construction copper pipes will be very broad.

Element use:

Copper is a non-ferrous metal that is closely related to human beings. It is widely used in electrical, light industry, machinery manufacturing, construction industry, national defense industry, etc. It is second only to aluminum in the consumption of non-ferrous metal materials in China.

Copper is the most widely used and used in the electrical and electronic industries, accounting for more than half of the total consumption. Used in a variety of cables and wires, windings of motors and transformers, switches and printed circuit boards.

Used in the manufacture of mechanical and transportation vehicles for the manufacture of industrial valves and fittings, gauges, plain bearings, moulds, heat exchangers and pumps.

It is widely used in the chemical industry to manufacture vacuums, distillation pots, brewing pots, and the like.

In the defense industry, it is used to manufacture bullets, shells, gun parts, etc. For every 1 million bullets produced, 13 to 14 tons of copper are needed.

In the construction industry, it is used as various pipes, pipe fittings, decorative devices, etc.

The following is the ratio of copper consumption to total copper consumption in various industries: The ratio of industrial copper consumption to total consumption

Electronics (including communication) 48%

Building 24%

General engineering 12%

Traffic 7%

9% other

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